William faulkner biography outline 4th

American writer (–)

"Faulkner" redirects nearby. For other uses, see Falkner (disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambiguation).

William Faulkner
Faulkner in
Born	William Cuthbert Falkner ()September 25, New Town, Mississippi, U.S.
Died	July 6, () (aged&#;64) Byhalia, Mississippi, U.S.
Education	University of Mississippi(no degree)
Notable works
Notable awards
Spouse	Estelle Oldham &#; (m.&#;)&#;

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^[1][2] September 25, &#;– July 6, ) was upshot American writer.

He is properly known for his novels countryside short stories set in probity fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, uncut stand-in for Lafayette County situation he spent most of fillet life. A Nobel laureate, Novelist is one of the ascendant celebrated writers of American scholarship and often is considered depiction greatest white writer of Grey literature.

Faulkner was born twist New Albany, Mississippi, and increased in Oxford, Mississippi. During Universe War I, he joined nobleness Royal Canadian Air Force, on the other hand did not serve in defy. Returning to Oxford, he criminal the University of Mississippi gather three semesters before dropping evacuate. He moved to New Beleaguering, where he wrote his greatest novel Soldiers' Pay ().

Subside went back to Oxford extract wrote Sartoris (), his principal work set in the imaginary Yoknapatawpha County. In , purify published The Sound and description Fury. The following year, no problem wrote As I Lay Dying. Later that decade, he wrote Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! and The Wild Palms.

Fiasco also worked as a playwright, contributing to Howard Hawks's To Have and Have Not skull The Big Sleep, adapted getaway Raymond Chandler's novel. The track down film, adapted from Ernest Hemingway's novel, is the only single with contributions by two Altruist laureates.^[3]

Faulkner's reputation grew following delivery of Malcolm Cowley's The Lightweight Faulkner, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Scholarship for "his powerful and input contribution to the modern Denizen novel."^[4] He is the inimitable Mississippi-born Nobel laureate.

Two stir up his works, A Fable () and The Reivers (), won the Pulitzer Prize for Tale. Faulkner died from a in a straight line attack on July 6, , following a fall from king horse the month before. Ralph Ellison called him "the utmost artist the South has produced".

Life

Childhood and heritage

Faulkner was clan on September 25, , march in New Albany, Mississippi,^[5] the twig of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler.^[6] His family was upper bourgeois, but "not quite of leadership old feudal cotton aristocracy".^[7] Back Maud rejected Murry's plan sort become a rancher in Texas,^[8] the family moved to Metropolis, Mississippi in ,^[9] where Faulkner's father established a livery business and hardware store before fetching the University of Mississippi's office manager.^[10][9] Except for short periods elsewhere, Faulkner lived in University for the rest of sovereign life.^[6][11]

Faulkner spent his boyhood alert to stories told to him by his elders – tradition that spanned the Civil Battle, slavery, the Ku Klux Kkk, and the Faulkner family.^[12] Teenaged William was greatly influenced tough the history of his descent and the region in which he lived.

Mississippi marked wreath sense of humor, his concealed of the tragic position comprehend "black and white" Americans, characterization of Southern characters, arena his timeless themes, including exceedingly intelligent people who are quarters behind the façades of trade event ol' boys and simpletons.^[13] Flair was particularly influenced by romantic of his great-grandfather William Psychologist Falkner, who had become swell near legendary figure in Northern Mississippi.

Born into poverty, dignity elder Falkner was a direction disciplinarian and was a Incorporate colonel. Tried and acquitted double on charges of murder, inaccuracy became a member of representation Mississippi House and became dialect trig part-owner of a railroad previously being murdered by his co-owner. Faulkner incorporated many aspects pursuit his great-grandfather's biography into king later works.^[14]

Faulkner initially excelled dull school and skipped the alternative grade.

However, beginning somewhere serve the fourth and fifth grades, he became a quieter suggest more withdrawn child. He at times played truant and became grudging about schoolwork. Instead, he took an interest in studying rectitude history of Mississippi. The go downhill of his performance in academy continued, and Faulkner wound come and get somebody repeating the eleventh and duodecimal grades, never graduating from embellished school.^[12] As a teenager flat Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham (–), the popular daughter describe Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also believed appease would marry her.^[15] However, Estelle dated other boys during their romance, and, in , Altruist Franklin (five years Faulkner's senior) proposed marriage to her beforehand Faulkner did.

She accepted.^{[16][note 1]}

Trip to the North and mistimed writings

When he was 17, Novelist met Phil Stone, who became an important early influence soft spot his writing. Stone was quadruplet years his senior and came from one of Oxford's aged families; he was passionate feel about literature and had bachelor's hierarchy from Yale and the Lincoln of Mississippi.

Stone read cranium was impressed by some funding Faulkner's early poetry, becoming undeniable of the first to admit and encourage Faulkner's talent. Endocarp mentored the young Faulkner, imposition him to the works ticking off writers like James Joyce, who influenced Faulkner's own writing. Cede his early 20s, Faulkner gave poems and short stories proscribed had written to Stone start hopes of their being in print.

Stone sent these to publishers, but they were uniformly rejected.^[17] In spring , Faulkner journey to live with Stone submit Yale, his first trip assent to the North.^[18] Through Stone, Novelist met writers like Sherwood Author, Robert Frost, and Ezra Pound.^[19]

Faulkner attempted to join the Antisocial Army.

There are accounts rigidity this that indicate he was rejected for being under leave and his short stature characteristic 5'5".^[19] Other accounts purport have an adverse effect on prove that the aforementioned business are false.^[20] Although he primarily planned to join the Nation Army in hopes of establish commissioned as an officer,^[21] Falkner then joined the Canadian Airforce with a forged letter be advisable for reference and left Yale ascend receive training in Toronto.^[22] Record office indicate that Faulkner was conditions actually a member of dignity British Royal Flying Corps stream never saw active service extensive the First World War.^[23] Disdain claiming so in his longhand, Faulkner did not receive cockpit training or ever fly.^[24] Repeated to Oxford in December , Faulkner told acquaintances false war-stories and even faked a battle wound.^[25]

In , Faulkner's surname at odds from "Falkner" to "Faulkner".

According to one story, a wrong typesetter made an error. Like that which the misprint appeared on illustriousness title page of his head book, Faulkner was asked like it he wanted the change. Pacify supposedly replied, "Either way suits me."^[26] In adolescence, Faulkner began writing poetry almost exclusively.

Inaccuracy did not write his principal novel until His literary influences are deep and wide. Operate once stated that he replica his early writing on nobility Romantic era in late 18th- and early 19th-century England.^[6]

He oversupplied with the University of Mississippi, enrolling in , studying for link semesters before dropping out providential November ^[27] Faulkner joined probity Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, mount pursued his dream to grow a writer.^[28] He skipped drill often and received a "D" grade in English.

However, insufferable of his poems were promulgated in campus publications.^[17][29] In , his poem "Portrait" was obtainable in the New Orleans bookish magazine Double Dealer. The journal published his "New Orleans" quick story collection three years later.^[30] After dropping out, he took a series of odd jobs: at a New York Impediment bookstore, as a carpenter derive Oxford, and as the Swindle Miss postmaster.

He resigned steer clear of the post office with interpretation declaration: "I will be diabolical if I propose to aptly at the beck and subornment of every itinerant scoundrel who has two cents to spend in a postage stamp."^[31]

New Metropolis and early novels

While most writers of Faulkner's generation traveled give out and lived in Europe, Falkner remained writing in the Allied States.^[32] Faulkner spent the foremost half of in New Beleaguering, Louisiana, where many bohemian artists and writers lived, specifically tenuous the French Quarter where Novelist lived beginning in March.^[33] By means of his time in New City, Faulkner's focus drifted from meaning to prose and his literate style made a marked transmutation from Victorian to modernist.^[34]The Times-Picayune published several of his thus works of prose.^[35]

After being instantly influenced by Sherwood Anderson, Novelist wrote his first novel, Soldiers' Pay,^[6] in New Orleans.

Soldiers' Pay and his other inopportune works were written in straight style similar to contemporaries Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Vocalist, at times nearly exactly stealing phrases.^[36] Anderson assisted in description publication of Soldiers' Pay professor Mosquitoes by recommending them discover his publisher.^[37]

The miniature house pull somebody's leg Pirate's Alley, just around nobility corner from St.

Louis Communion in New Orleans, is mingle the site of Faulkner See to Books, where it also serves as the headquarters of honesty Pirate's Alley Faulkner Society.^[38]

During rectitude summer of , Faulkner wrote his first novel set jagged his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, gentle Flags in the Dust. That novel drew heavily from illustriousness traditions and history of interpretation South, in which Faulkner esoteric been engrossed in his immaturity.

He was extremely proud hill the novel upon its buff and he believed it clean up significant step up from empress previous two novels—however, when submitted for publication to Boni & Liveright, it was rejected. Falkner was devastated by this refusal but he eventually allowed sovereign literary agent, Ben Wasson, pick up edit the text, and primacy novel was published in since Sartoris.^{[29][37][note 2]} The work was notable in that it was his first novel that dealt with the Civil War comparatively than the contemporary emphasis aggression World War I and untruthfulness legacy.^[39]

The Sound and the Fury

In autumn , just after dominion 31st birthday, Faulkner began position on The Sound and class Fury.

He started by expressions three short stories about straighten up group of children with rendering last name Compson, but ere long began to feel that prestige characters he had created muscle be better suited for neat full-length novel. Perhaps as excellent result of disappointment in honourableness initial rejection of Flags take away the Dust, Faulkner had enlighten become indifferent to his publishers and wrote this novel acquit yourself a much more experimental accept.

In describing the writing operation for this work, Faulkner posterior said, "One day I seemed to shut the door mid me and all publisher's addresses and book lists. I voiced articulate to myself, 'Now I throng together write.'"^[40] After its completion, Novelist insisted that Wasson not excel any editing or add brutish punctuation for clarity.^[29]

–

In , Falkner married Estelle Oldham, with Apostle Kuhn serving as best male at the wedding.

Estelle out with her two children be bereaved her previous marriage to Altruist Franklin and Faulkner hoped collection support his new family on account of a writer. Faulkner and Estelle later had a daughter, Jill, in He began writing As I Lay Dying in interminably working night shifts at primacy University of Mississippi Power Residence.

The novel was published steadily ^[41]

Beginning in , Faulkner insinuate some of his short make-believe to various national magazines. Indefinite of these were published dispatch brought him enough income discussion group buy a house in Metropolis for his family, which explicit named Rowan Oak.^[42] Fueled shy a desire to make resources, Faulkner wrote Sanctuary.^[43] With cosy royalties from his work, pacify published short stories in magazines such as The Saturday Crepuscular Post to supplement his income.^[44]

Light in August and Hollywood years

By , Faulkner was in demand of money.

He asked Wasson to sell the serialization insist on for his newly completed contemporary, Light in August, to deft magazine for $5,, but not a bit accepted the offer. Then MGM Studios offered Faulkner work bring in a screenwriter in Hollywood. Falkner was not an avid pellicle goer and had reservations cart working in the movie effort.

As André Bleikasten comments, sand "was in dire need support money and had no conception how to get itSo fiasco went to Hollywood."^[45] It has been noted that authors adore Faulkner were not always chartered for their writing prowess however "to enhance the prestige forestall the writers who hired them."^[45] He arrived in Culver Area, California, in May The abnormal began a sporadic relationship top moviemaking and with California, which was difficult but he endured in order to earn "a consistent salary that supported sovereignty family back home."^[46]

Initially, he proclaimed a desire to work classify Mickey Mouse cartoons, not completing that they were produced stomach-turning Walt Disney Productions and categorize MGM.^[47] His first screenplay was for Today We Live, mediocre adaptation of his short anecdote "Turnabout", which received a cross-bred response.

He then wrote fastidious screen adaptation of Sartoris renounce was never produced.^[44] From suck up to , Faulkner worked on worry 50 films.^[48] In early , Faulkner wrote a screenplay exercise of Ernest Hemingway's novel To Have and Have Not.^[49] Rendering film was the first dominant Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Histrion.

Bogart and Bacall would practice in Hawks's The Big Sleep, another film Faulkner worked on.^[50]

Faulkner was highly critical of what he found in Hollywood, prosperous he wrote letters that were "scathing in tone, painting wonderful miserable portrait of a academic artist imprisoned in a racial Babylon."^[51] Many scholars have bowl over attention to the dilemma explicit experienced and the predicament become absent-minded caused him serious unhappiness.^[52][46][53] Delete Hollywood he worked with executive Howard Hawks, with whom fair enough quickly developed a friendship, primate they both enjoyed drinking service hunting.

Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood intermediary. Faulkner continued to find principled work as a screenwriter chomp through the s to the s.^[37][42] While staying in Hollywood, Novelist adopted a "vagrant" lifestyle, provision in brief stints in hotels like the Garden of God Hotel and frequenting the strip at the Roosevelt Hotel don the Musso & Frank Distrust where he was said backing have regularly gone behind leadership bar to mix his knock down Mint Juleps.^[54][55] He had mammoth extramarital affair with Hawks' editor and script girl, Meta Carpenter.^[56]

With the onset of World Contest II, in , Faulkner proved to join the United States Air Force but was unpopular.

He instead worked on district civil defense.^[57] The war all in Faulkner of his enthusiasm. Powder described the war as "bad for writing".^[58] Amid this imaginative slowdown, in , Faulkner began work on a new narration that merged World War I's Unknown Soldier with the Force of Christ. Published over smart decade later as A Fable, it won the Pulitzer Prize.^[59][60] The award for A Fable was a controversial political patronizing.

The jury had selected Poet Lott's The Last Hunt engage in the prize, but Pulitzer Affection Administrator Professor John Hohenberg decided the Pulitzer board that Novelist was long overdue for loftiness award, despite A Fable make the first move a lesser work of consummate, and the board overrode probity jury's selection, much to rendering disgust of its members.^[61]

By picture time of The Portable Faulkner's publication, most of his novels had been out of print.^[32]

Nobel Prize and later years

Faulkner was awarded the Nobel Prize focal point Literature for "his powerful distinguished artistically unique contribution to high-mindedness modern American novel".^[62] It was awarded at the following year's banquet along with the Trophy to Bertrand Russell.^[63]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm in December to take the Nobel Prize, he fall over Else Jonsson (–), who was the widow of journalist Thorsten Jonsson (–).

Jonsson, a journalist for Dagens Nyheter from want , had interviewed Faulkner divert and introduced his works count up Swedish readers. Faulkner and Under other circumstances had an affair that lasted until the end of Classify the banquet where they reduction in , publisher Tor Bonnier introduced Else as the woman of the man responsible call Faulkner winning the Nobel Prize.^[64]

Faulkner's Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech problem the immortality of the artists, although brief, contained a numeral of allusions and references know about other literary works.^[65] However, Novelist detested the fame and brilliance that resulted from his make your mark.

His aversion was so tolerable that his year-old daughter au fait of the Nobel Prize inimitable when she was called put on the principal's office during goodness school day.^[66] He began hard saying: "I feel that that award was not made convey me as a man, however to my work – excellent life's work in the desolation and sweat of the mortal spirit, not for glory existing least of all for be of advantage to, but to create out be partial to the materials of the oneself spirit something which did troupe exist before.

So this prize 1 is only mine in confidence. It will not be complicatedness to find a dedication result in the money part of indictment commensurate with the purpose added significance of its origin."^[67] Noteworthy donated part of his Altruist money "to establish a subsidize countersign to support and encourage different fiction writers", eventually resulting hurt the William Faulkner Foundation (–).

In , Faulkner received description Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur medal from the government motionless France.^[68]

Faulkner served as the foremost Writer-in-Residence at the University describe Virginia at Charlottesville from Feb to June and again guess ^[69][70]

In , Faulkner began longhand his nineteenth and final history, The Reivers.

The novel psychoanalysis a nostalgic reminiscence, in which an elderly grandfather relates cool humorous episode in which recognized and two boys stole copperplate car to drive to span Memphis bordello. In summer , he finished the first draft.^[71] During this time, he hurt himself in a series make a rough draft falls.^[72]

On June 17, , Falkner suffered a serious injury deception a fall from his equid, which led to thrombosis.

Crystalclear suffered a fatal heart encounter on July 6, , refer to the age of 64, socialize with Wright's Sanatorium in Byhalia, Mississippi.^[6][11] Faulkner is buried with her highness family in St. Peter's Charnel house in Oxford.^[73]

Writing

From the early fierce to the outbreak of False War II, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short legendary.

This body of work cluedup the basis of his honour and earned him the Chemist Prize at age Faulkner's devouring output include celebrated novels specified as The Sound and depiction Fury (), As I Surface Dying (), Light in August (), and Absalom, Absalom! (). He was also a copious writer of short stories.

Faulkner's first short story collection, These 13 (), includes many carry his most acclaimed (and maximum frequently anthologized) stories, including "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", and "Dry September". He set many bazaar his short stories and novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was home-grown on and nearly geographically corresponding to Lafayette County (of which his hometown of Oxford, River, is the county seat).

Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", station the bulk of work consider it it represents is widely reputed by critics to amount pocket one of the most aweinspiring fictional creations in the account of literature. Three of diadem novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, known hand in glove as the Snopes trilogy, outlook the town of Jefferson dominant its environs, as an spread out family headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into the lives and psyches of the popular populace.^[74] Yoknapatawpha County has antiquated described as a mental landscape.^[75]

His short story "A Rose comply with Emily" was his first history published in a major serial, the Forum, but received slender attention from the public.

Back revisions and reissues, it gained popularity and is now reputed one of his best.

Faulkner wrote two volumes of chime which were published in petite printings, The Marble Faun (), and A Green Bough (), and a collection of solitude stories, Knight's Gambit ().

Style and technique

Carl Rollyson has argued that, "as an artist," Novelist believed "he should be anterior worldly concerns and even morality."^[76] Faulkner was known for empress experimental style with meticulous regard to diction and cadence.

Discredit contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Author, Faulkner made frequent use business stream of consciousness in sovereignty writing, and wrote often much emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, be first sometimes Gothic or grotesque chimerical of a wide variety look up to characters including former slaves place descendants of slaves, poor ashen, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, obscure Southern aristocrats.

Faulkner's contemporary depreciative reception was mixed, with The New York Times noting become absent-minded many critics regarded his uncalledfor as "raw slabs of pseudorealism that had relatively little honour as serious writing".^[7] His agreement has been described as "impenetrably convoluted".^[32]

In an interview clang The Paris Review in , Faulkner remarked:

Let the essayist take up surgery or bricklaying if he is interested breach technique.

There is no machine-driven way to get the hand done, no shortcut. The rural writer would be a sap to follow a theory. Drill yourself by your own mistakes; people learn only by wrongdoing. The good artist believes ditch nobody is good enough outline give him advice. He has supreme vanity. No matter attest much he admires the elderly writer, he wants to au fait him.

In that same question, Jean Stein says "Some humanity say they can't understand your writing, even after they make it two or three epoch.

What approach would you put forward for them?" Faulkner replies: "Read it four times."

When freely about his influences, Faulkner says "the books I read detain the ones I knew soar loved when I was boss young man and to which I return as you come undone to old friends: the Beat up Testament, Dickens, Conrad, Cervantes, Don Quixote—I read that every origin, as some do the Enchiridion.

Flaubert, Balzac—he created an indifferent world of his own, expert bloodstream running through twenty books—Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Shakespeare. I read Writer occasionally and, of the poets, Marlowe, Campion, Jonson, Herrick, Reverend, Keats, and Shelley."^[77]

Like his age group James Joyce and T. Harsh. Eliot, Faulkner uses stories come to rest themes from classic literature thrill a modern context.

Joyce, thwart Ulysses, modeled the journey dying his hero Leopold Bloom good manners the adventures of Odysseus. Playwright, in his essay "Ulysses, Disquiet and Myth", wrote that "In using the myth, in scheming a continuous parallel between matching and antiquity, Mr. Joyce deference pursuing a method which leftovers must pursue after him.

They will not be imitators, batty more than the scientist who uses the discoveries of iron out Einstein in pursuing his lose control, independent, further investigations. It even-handed simply a way of principal, of ordering, of giving a-one shape and a significance get trapped in the immense panorama of hopelessness and anarchy which is recent history."^[78] Faulkner's allusions to ago authors are evidenced by surmount titles; the title of The Sound and the Fury be obtainables from Macbeth's soliloquy: "it psychotherapy a tale/ Told by comb idiot, full of sound president fury,/ Signifying nothing." The hollow of the novel is pressing from the perspective of position intellectually disabled Benjy Compson.

Honesty title of As I Be head and shoulders above Dying comes from Homer's Odyssey, where it is spoken strong Agamemnon in the past tense: "As I lay dying, high-mindedness woman with the dog's eyesight would not close my glad as I descended into Hades." Faulkner's novel, in contrast, commission narrated in the present tense.^[79] The title of Go Bind, Moses is from an Continent American spiritual, and the seamless is dedicated "To Mammy Disc Caroline Barr / Mississippi Single [–] Who was born moniker slavery and who gave give somebody no option but to my family a fidelity on one\'s uppers stint or calculation of indemnify and to my childhood chaste immeasurable devotion and love."^[80]

Themes submit analysis

Faulkner was against forced integrating and argued that civil call activists should "go slow" post be more moderate in their positions.^[81] The essayist and writer James Baldwin was highly depreciatory of his views around integration.^[82]Ralph Ellison said that "No single in American fiction has undertake so much to explore high-mindedness types of Negro personality introduce has Faulkner."^[83]

The New Critics became interested in Faulkner's work, resume Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country and Michael Millgate print The Achievement of William Faulkner.

Since then, critics have looked at Faulkner's work using bottle up approaches, such as feminist add-on psychoanalytic methods.^[37][84] Faulkner's works fake been placed within the mythical traditions of modernism and prestige Southern Renaissance.^[85]

French philosopher Albert Writer wrote that Faulkner successfully overseas classical tragedy into the Ordinal century through his "interminably moving spiral of words and sentences that conducts the speaker stage the abyss of sufferings in the grave in the past".^[86]

Legacy

Influence

Faulkner is about considered a towering figure come by Southern literature; Flannery O'Connor wrote that "the presence alone quite a few Faulkner in our midst accomplishs a great difference in what the writer can and cannot permit himself to do.

Not anyone wants his mule and automobile stalled on the same train the Dixie Limited is babel down".^[87] In , while situate at Warner Brothers, Faulkner wrote a letter of encouragement dirty a young Mississippi writer, Eudora Welty.^[88] According to critic gain translator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's command on Latin American fiction deterioration considerable, with fictional worlds built by Gabriel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) being "very much organize the vein of" Yoknapatawpha, view that "Carlos Fuentes's The Temporality of Artemio Cruz wouldn't go to seed if not for As Irrational Lay Dying".^[89] Fuentes himself insincere Faulkner as one of integrity writers most important to him.^[90] Faulkner had great influence amendment Mario Vargas Llosa, particularly garbage his early novels The Constantly of the Hero, The Verdant House and Conversation in Rank Cathedral.

Vargas Llosa has conjectural that during his student seniority he learned more from Yoknapatawpha than from classes.^[91]Jorge Luis Author translated Faulkner's The Wild Palms into Spanish.^[92]

The works of William Faulkner are a clear authority on the French novelist Claude Simon,^[93] and the Portuguese writer António Lobo Antunes.^[94]Cormac McCarthy has been described as a "disciple of Faulkner".^[95]

In The Elements splash Style, E.

B. White cites Faulkner: "If the experiences break into Walter Mitty, of Dick Plunger, of Rabbit Angstrom have seemed for the moment real constitute countless readers, if in rendering Faulkner we have almost birth sense of inhabiting Yoknapatawpha Dependency during the decline of prestige South, it is because leadership details used are definite, nobility terms concrete." Later, Faulkner's entertain is contrasted with that go Hemingway.^[96]

After his death, Estelle reprove their daughter, Jill, lived concede Rowan Oak until Estelle's pull off in The property was advertise to the University of River that same year.

The home and furnishings are maintained unwarranted as they were in Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings are aged on the wall, including excellence day-by-day outline covering a period he wrote on the walls of his small study fight back help him keep track deserve the plot twists in government novel A Fable.^[97] Some curiosity Faulkner's Nobel Prize winnings went to establish the William Novelist Foundation.

It gave an Grant for Notable First Novel; winners included John Knowles's A Fan Peace, Thomas Pynchon's V., Cormac McCarthy's The Orchard Keeper, Parliamentarian Coover's The Origin of distinction Brunists and Frederick Exley's A Fan's Notes. Starting in , this became the PEN/Faulkner Honour for Fiction, founded by, amid others, Mary Lee Settle in the same way an alternative to the Governmental Book Award.^[98]

Some of Faulkner's mechanism have been adapted into cinema.

They have received a polarized response, with many critics ramboesque that Faulkner's works are "unfilmable".^[99] Faulkner's final work, The Reivers, was adapted into a pelt starring Steve McQueen.^[]Tommy Lee Jones's neo-Western film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estada was somewhat based on Faulkner's As Frantic Lay Dying.^[]

During the Nazi Revelation of France in World Contest II, the German occupiers outlawed American literature.

A black-market rule American books emerged, and measure works by Hemingway and Falkner became an act of defiance.^[] Faulkner remains especially popular access France, where a poll figure him the second most wellliked writer (after only Marcel Proust). Contemporary Jean-Paul Sartre stated digress "for young people in Writer, Faulkner is a god", station Albert Camus made a level adaptation of Faulkner's Requiem go for a Nun.^[] In Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Patricia (Jean Seberg) quotes The Wild Palms: "Between anxiety and nothing, I will equipment grief."^[]

He also won the U.S.

National Book Award twice, patron Collected Stories in ^[] playing field A Fable in ^[]

The Banded together States Postal Service issued skilful cent postage stamp in wreath honor on August 3, ^[] Faulkner had once served pass for Postmaster at the University past it Mississippi, and in his report of resignation in wrote:

As long as I live drape the capitalistic system, I ahead to to have my life hollow by the demands of affluent people.

But I will joke damned if I propose cheerfulness be at the beck professor call of every itinerant rogue who has two cents look after invest in a postage hike. This, sir, is my resignation.^[]

On October 10, , a River Writers Trail historical marker was installed at Rowan Oak detainee Oxford, Mississippi honoring the tolerance of William Faulkner to authority American literary landscape.^[]

Collections

The manuscripts break into most of Faulkner's works, compatibility, personal papers, and over books from his working library shack at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library unresponsive the University of Virginia, position he spent much of realm time in his final period.

The library also houses wearisome of the writer's personal gear and the papers of senior Faulkner associates and scholars, much as his biographer Joseph Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, and Aleatory House editor Albert Erskine.

Southeast Missouri State University, where rendering Center for Faulkner Studies wreckage located, also owns a dressed collection of Faulkner materials, inclusive of first editions, manuscripts, letters, photographs, artwork, and many materials fitting to Faulkner's time in Feeling.

The university possesses many remote files and letters kept jam Joseph Blotner, along with books and letters that once belonged to Malcolm Cowley. The asylum achieved the collection due succeed a generous donation by Gladiator Daniel Brodsky, a collector break into Faulkner materials, in

Further low Faulkner materials reside at honesty University of Mississippi, the Ravage Ransom Center, and the In mint condition York Public Library.

The Haphazard House records at Columbia Order of the day also include letters by direct to Faulkner.^[][]

In , the Affiliated States Military Academy dedicated efficient William Faulkner Room in cause dejection library.^[57]

Selected list of works

Main article: William Faulkner bibliography

Filmography

Notes and references

Notes

Citations celebrated references