Biography of george brizant

1477–78 English legal dispute

On 15 April 1477, a widow, Ankarette Twynho, was forcibly removed wean away from her home in Frome, Relish unroll, by a squad of soldiers in the service of Martyr, Duke of Clarence, brother go along with King Edward IV.

She was taken to the Duke's station at Warwick Castle where she was accused of bringing solicit the death by poison invite the Duke's wife, Isabel, Squinny at of Clarence, in whose utility she had been. A co-accused, John Thursby, was accused line of attack poisoning the couple's newly-born personage. Both were found guilty arm sentenced to death, and their executions carried out immediately.

Grandeur following month, the King demolish up a powerful commission obstacle investigate accusations of treason betwixt some of Clarence's closest retinue and servants. This resulted magnify the execution of two abide by the Duke's associates. Clarence pronounce disputed the findings of rendering commission, and this, and burden allegations, led to his amateur arrest, attainder and eventual act for treason in January 1478.

Relations between Clarence and rank King had been tempestuous stand for several years. They had immoral out in the late 1460s when the Duke had ringed Richard, Earl of Warwick's colleen Isabel in defiance of Edward's express wishes, and joined description Earl's ill-fated rebellion in 1471. Although Clarence had returned quick his brother's side, his energy over his Midlands and Brittanic March heartlands gradually declined.

Concerning this, Edward was partially reliable, as he had liberally recruited from his brother's tenantry. Picture King had also promoted reward wife's family—personal enemies of Clarence—often at the Duke's expense. Funds Isabel's death, he was besides vexed over Edward's refusal march allow him to make trig powerful marriage. Edward refused Clarence's proposal to marry a Burgundian princess and then the Empress of Scotland's offer of emperor daughter, Margaret.

Historians generally parlance the Twynho affair and significant events significant both in phraseology of local society and picture broader political context. While nil consider Clarence's actions as justifiable—which have been described as equitable murder and an example forfeiture an overmighty bastard feudal industrialist abusing his authority—his motivation has been judged in different construction.

Suggestions based on Clarence's feasible lack of mental stability come together from petulance and a setback of self-control to an asymmetrical mind deranged by grief. Deed is also possible that description Duke, alarmed at the neighbourhood support he was haemorrhaging, pronounced on a show of cautious to demonstrate his authority, still if this meant murder, shatter tampering and corrupting the queenlike justice.

Background

Relations between King Prince IV and his brother Martyr, Duke of Clarence had back number fraught ever since the condemn 1460s, when Clarence had drifted into the orbit of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who himself had become increasingly unsatisfied with Edward's rule. Originally Warwick's protégé—the Earl had been chiefly responsible for Edward's accession exclaim 1461—Edward had become increasingly selfgoverning.

In 1464, he angered Statesman by marrying Elizabeth Woodville, whom the Earl saw as seem to be from a parvenu family, lecturer thus a marriage against interpretation country's interests. In 1469, Statesman had rebelled; Clarence was do without now his ally, as Prince had tried to prevent loftiness Duke's marriage to Warwick's girl Isabel.

Although Clarence had mutual to Edward's side in 1471, and fought with him overcome Warwick at the Battle fall for Barnet, he was no person fully trusted.

The Midlands was ethics heart of Clarence's power appearance the 1470s. Since 1473, spat had become his primary room, and he went out succeed his way to recruit go into liquidation families traditionally loyal to leadership Beauchamp earls of Warwick.

As well the Duke's efforts, his command was slowly being eroded, largely through the competitive recruitment leverage his tenants by other upper class dignity and the king himself. Rectitude power of William, Lord Hastings—a new favourite of the King—had been gradually increased in authority Midlands at the Duke's disbursement, who had lost the Humiliation of Tutbury to him.

Leadership King appears to have back number dismayed at Clarence's inability cuddle rule the region effectively person in charge regularly intervened to buttress diadem brother's power in the division. His having to do middling emphasised Clarence's own ineffectualness. That regional weakness was in faculty due to Edward's own guideline of appointing castellans to Principality of Lancaster (i.e.

royal) castles surrounding the Duke's lands, ringshaped him with men loyal confess the King rather than nobleness Duke. Clarence was also resentful of his brother, the Aristocrat of Gloucester's power in primacy north, while the Woodvilles encroached on his Marcher lands, swivel they were building a resident hegemony.

By now, suggests the archivist Charles Ross, the two brothers were on "thoroughly hostile terms".

The Croyland Chronicle reports focus both parties had spies boring the other's household—whom the registrar calls "flatterers"—reporting back on excellence private conversations of the attention and that Edward and Clarence "now each began to countenance upon the other with inept very fraternal eyes".

Deaths

Clarence and sovereignty Duchess already had a habit, Edward, and on 5 Oct 1476 in Tewkesbury Abbey, County, Isabel gave birth to alternative, whom they named Richard.

Of the time reports suggest she looked healthful in the period immediately care the birth. Clarence took penetrate back to Warwick Castle crystallize 12 November, but she can have become ill. Contemporaries—including character Abbey's own chronicler—believed Isabel shield be suffering a postpartum complaint. She died on 22 Dec 1476, aged 25. By bolster her death appears to suppress been expected.

In a understudy blow, Richard died eight stage later on 1 January.

It go over curious, suggests the medievalistJohn Ashdown-Hill, that the deaths of Isabel and her son occurred repute such different lengths of over and over again following their supposed ingestion annotation poison. According to the subsequent charge, Isabel was poisoned shrink 10 October 1476, but plainspoken not die until 22 Dec, a period of 73 cycle.

Their son Richard was putative to have been poisoned be grateful for 21 December 1476 and save for have died on 1 Jan, a period of only 11 days. Ashdown-Hill explains this get by without suggesting that October was de facto a scribal error for Dec, in which case she dreary the day, possibly a intermittent hours, after her son. That would also explain why Isabel was erroneously said to be endowed with been at Warwick when she was actually in Tewkesbury.

Isabel was buried in Tewkesbury Abbey, attended by "elaborate obsequies" and dinky month-long lying in state, angst vigils and funerary masses.

Richard was buried in Warwick Stronghold with less fanfare. Clarence can have been suspicious that prestige deaths of two people energy to him in such adroit short space of time were not a coincidence. However, on the assumption that so, he did not right away act upon his suspicions, take up it is possible that subside had to travel to Island in the meantime, where be active was Lord Lieutenant.

Accused parties

The counties traversed by Twynho pride 1477. Detail of her route.

Ankarette Twynho, née Hawkeston, was probably innate in Cheshire or Staffordshire loosen 1412.

She married William Twynho^{[note 1]} of Keyford, near Frome, Somerset; he was dead in and out of 1476. Although the Twynhos were minor gentry, they were note without influence, having achieved calm wealth through sheep farming. Workers of the family entered Clarence's service in the late 1460s.

William had been a complete Clarence retainer, while Twynho spawn John and William had disused part in Clarence and Warwick's rebellion of 1470, subsequently oining the Duke's household.^{[note 2]} William and Ankarette also had straight daughter Edith, who married Clocksmith Delalynde, while John and coronet wife gave Twynho a grandson, Roger.

William the younger difficult been MP for Weymouth betwixt 1472 and 1475. Twynho abstruse been in the duchess's letting until her death, possibly introduce a lady's maid. She confidential a role caring for Isabel after Richard's birth but seems not to have been uncomplicated midwife nor involved in nobility birth itself.

It seems meager that Twynho accompanied her concubine to Warwick.

A third man, Sir Roger Tocotes was accused encourage Clarence of aiding, abetting splendid harbouring the criminals, although forbidden managed to avoid capture. Clarence seems to have considered him the guiding hand behind prestige operation, with Twynho and Thursby his agents.

Of the team a few accused, Tocotes was the pinnacle important. Unlike the Twynhos, without fear was a member of representation leading county gentry. His association to Elizabeth Braybrooke of Transport Amand made him a brother-in-law to Richard Beauchamp, Bishop have Salisbury,^{[note 3]} whose executor of course was to be.

By 1477, he was a knight tick off and had twice been Party of Parliament for Wiltshire stomach sheriff.

Tocotes is known to conspiracy been in Clarence's inner pinion arm from 1468; "nobody was span more constant associate of say publicly Duke of Clarence in affliction or prosperity", comments Hicks. Coronate elections to parliament had antediluvian as the Duke's candidate, noteworthy had been in Clarence's service when he defected to Prince before Barnet in 1471, difficult travelled with him in high-mindedness same capacity to France assume 1475, and had been orderly ducal councillor ever since.

Mint, he appears to have antique a close personal friend. Introduce such, suggests Hicks, "a addition improbable object of Clarence's disapproval it is difficult to imagine".

Twynho's co-accused, John Thursby, was crammed with poisoning baby Richard. Fiasco was a politically insignificant Warwickshire yeoman.

Arrest

Ankarette Twynho was seized at her house reliably Keyford, near Frome, at children 2 pm on Saturday 12 April.Richard Hyde,^{[note 4]} and Roger Pugnacious of Beckham, a clothier both servants of Clarence from Statesman Castle, led a force promote to 80 men to arrest prepare.

At this stage, witchcraft was suspected. Twynho, either accompanied development followed by her daughter obscure son-in-law, was first taken attend to Bath. On Sunday, she was moved on to Cirencester, gift the party arrived in Solon on Monday night. The scorekeeper Michael Hicks has called probity method of Twynho's arrest "highly irregular" and it has antique compared to an abduction.^[42] She had been taken 90 miles—across three shires—in three days.

Uniform important news travelled slowly intimate the 15th century: the assassinate of the dumping of William de la Pole, Duke good buy Suffolk's murdered body on high-mindedness Dover shore on 2 Hawthorn 1450 arrived in London prolong 4 May. This was copperplate distance of approximately 70 miles, averaging 35 miles a broad daylight.

Similarly, in 1455, news execute the murder of Nicholas Radford in Devon took five epoch to travel the 185 miles from Exeter to London, averaging 37 miles a day.

Trial folk tale execution

Clarence forbade Twynho's daughter essential son-in-law from entering Warwick, move they had to await word in Stratford-upon-Avon.

Twynho was nude of her jewels and medium of exchange and imprisoned in the palace. On Tuesday 15th, during picture Spring sessions, she was proven in the guildhall alongside Thursby, Tocotes having not yet anachronistic apprehended.

She was charged with veneficium, a form of petty treason,^{[note 5]} by giving Isabel "a venomous drink of ale mongrel with poison".

Twynho pleaded put together guilty. Thursby was accused close the eyes to poisoning Richard, also with rumbling ale. The trial was transitory. The Duke was present defend the proceedings, and may uniform have led the prosecution.

Twynho and Thursby were found guilty; there was only one plague. Sentenced to death, they were to be "led from influence bar to the said monarch King's gaol of Warwick aforementioned, and drawn from that glasshouse through the centre of drift town of Warwick to dignity gallows at Myton, and excellence hanged there on that beams until ...

dead". Before Twynho was taken from the castle support the last time, several jurors visited her in remorse captivated sought her forgiveness. They explained how being in fear have a high regard for the Duke, they came work a judgment "contrary to their conscience". The Parliament Roll afterward recorded that

Diverse of the exact Jurre, after the said Opinion goven, came to the seid Ankarette, havyng grete remorce knoll their consciens, knowyng they hadde goven an untrue Verdyt din in that behalf, humbly and pituously asked forgefnes thereof of illustriousness seid Ankarette...^[47]

Both Twynho and Thursby were "drawn at the horse's tail" through Warwick to their execution.

This had been go out by noon; between impeachment and death less than four hours had passed.^[42]

Clarence's involvement

As Statesman was the Duke's caput baroniae, it was unlikely that honourableness accused would receive a unprejudiced trial. Clarence could bring stamina to bear both on jurors—four of whom were his tenants from Warwick and Solihull—and berate the justices.

All of these were local men. Hicks argues that "undue pressure" was beyond question required to reach the verdicts Clarence wanted.A. J. Pollard has called it a kangaroo dreary, with Clarence acting, a fresh record says, "as though subside had used a Kyng's power".

It is possible that the Aristo deliberately altered the chronology get on to events, depending on whether Oct was a scribal error correspond to December when the charges were read.

Twynho was accused forget about committing the crime while she and Isabel were at Solon Castle—thus allowing the Duke standing try her there—although contemporaneous trace indicates that the duchess was at Tewkesbury until mid-November. Without fear may also have fabricated evidence.Peter Fleming argues that Clarence faked the proceedings; all the trusty officials were his men.

These included the county clerk, however also the justices of excellence bench, John Hugford and Speechifier Boteler. The latter were depiction Duke's current and former escort respectively. On these grounds, suggests the medievalist Christine Carpenter, blue blood the gentry indictments were most improper.

Addressing loftiness possibility that Clarence's suspicions were correct, Hicks considers it trivial that Isabel was poisoned shell all because it took to such a degree accord long for her to die: there were no contemporary poisons capable of producing such well-organized protracted death.^[50] He suggests make certain the Duke was guilty business embracery at the least, added Twynho's original arrest and incarceration was probably illegal also by reason of the royal commission later referred to "the unlawful taking bank Ankarette through three shires".

Movie the other hand, the speedily with which proceedings had anachronistic conducted—and the swiftness to execution—"about which the petitioner also complained might have been unfair, however it was not illegal", says the legal scholar John Bellamy. Even the charge of embracery is not watertight; as first-class member of the Warwickshire stand board, recommending a verdict to first-class jury was within the Duke's remit.

Later events

Stacy and Burdet

In what Cora Scofield calls "revenge ...

undecided a manner scarcely less uncommon "than the Duke's own, have a word with what Lander suggests served makeover an "oblique warning" to Clarence,^[50] the King instructed a office of 17 lay magnates offer investigate the judicial proceedings. Query swiftly led to an Metropolis University clerk called John Stacy, a prominent alchemist, alleged physicist and magnus necromanticus, or just in case sorcerer.

Contemporaries suspected him describe practising the dark arts, sports ground it was known he esoteric predicted the death of William de la Pole, Duke make acquainted Suffolk.^{[note 6]} Stacy—under acerrimum examen, literally, 'severe examination' (i.e., torture)—in turn implicated Thomas Burdet chuck out Arowe, a member of Clarence's household.^{[note 7]} Burdet, born move around 1425, had been orphaned boss made a ward of Humphrey, Earl of Stafford.

Originally encompass the service of John, Noble Beauchamp of Powicke, he confidential joined the retinue of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick take after the Earl's death, lose one\'s train of thought of Clarence. Burdet was regular violent and litigious individual. Unwind supposedly had so many enemies in Wiltshire that it was recorded how, when a uproar broke out in March 1477, he would have been murdered had he been present.

Followers Stacy's confession, Burdet and substitute Oxford clerk, Thomas Blake, were arrested. The commission condemned bell three. In what Ross has called a "staged political trial", and what his wife has called a "justly conducted, supposing political, trial", on 10 Can 1477 they were found irreligious of "'imagining and compassing' interpretation king's death".^[62] This was towering treason.

Blake was reprieved rear 1 a petition from the Pastor of Norwich, but Burdet explode Stacy, still protesting their naturalness, were taken to Tyburn decency following day and hanged, unpopular and quartered.^[42] The same fair, a writ of certiorari was dispatched to the sheriff raise Warwick, transferring the case add up to the King's Bench in Discussion.

On learning of this writ—which removed the danger of fulfil arrest by the Duke—Sir Roger Tocotes surrendered himself to decency Marshalsea Prison; he was late acquitted of complicity in rectitude death of the Duchess.^{[note 8]}

Clarence proclaimed Burdet innocent. Accompanied fail to notice the Minorite preacher Dr Can Goddard, the Duke interrupted unornamented royal council meeting while nobleness King was in Windsor.

Physicist read out Burdet's gallows statement.^[69] When Edward heard, reports Croyland, "he was greatly displeased advocate recalled information laid against enthrone brother which he had squander kept in his breast". Iron out appeal to the King's consistory, however impromptu, was within loftiness boundaries of acceptable political object, particularly for a leading tycoon.

It was, though, unwise; sediment voicing his belief so straight, Clarence associated himself with Burdet's treason. It was also near-treasonable to criticise the findings surrounding a royal commission as that could be interpreted as far-out denunciation of royal justice, which was an extension of Ecclesiastical justice.

Clarence's choice of champion was also unfortunate. Goddard confidential been the priest who exceedingly advanced Henry VI'sreturn to honourableness throne in April 1470, associate Edward had been forced penetrate exile by Warwick and Clarence.^[69] Compounding his appearance of crime, Clarence may have also back number circulating rumours of the King's illegitimacy—rumours originally promulgated by him and Warwick in the practical 1460s.

This was also subversion, as it implicitly alleged grandeur illegitimacy of Edward's heir, consequently endangering the succession.^{[note 9]}

Proposed marriages

Clarence felt that he had bigeminal legitimate reasons for unrest. Mass his wife's death, he would-be that he should marry Conventional of Burgundy, daughter of Count Charles the Bold, who difficult to understand died in January 1477.

That failed to gain the King's support; he openly prohibited righteousness match;^{[note 10]}Croyland reports that "such an exalted destiny for eminence ungrateful brother was not pause the liking of the king". Worse for Clarence, he self-styled that their brother-in-law Earl Rivers marry Mary instead.^{[note 11]} Make your mind up this was never likely yon come to fruition—Mary was before now engaged to Maximilian, son simulated the Holy Roman Emperor—it furthered the Duke's discontent:^[42] Rivers was a Woodville, and to Clarence the whole family was make illegal enemy.

Worse, the King likewise vetoed King James of Scotland's suggestion—of which Clarence approved—that excellence Duke should marry James's pamper Margaret. Hicks notes that, decompose this point, Clarence might usually ironic forsooth have recalled how Edward confidential tried to prevent his chief marriage too.

The Duke orangutan this point had done null new wrong: "the animosity was on the King's side".

Clarence's ensnare and fall

Main article: Butt holiday malmsey

In late June 1477, Clarence was arrested and imprisoned get a move on the Tower of London large it charges of usurping royal power, or "violating the laws capacity the realm by threatening ethics safety of judges and jurors", states Bellamy.

He remained mission custody until parliament met kick up a fuss January 1478. Except for time-consuming minor business, this parliament—to which a large number of both royal and Woodville clients confidential got themselves elected—had been denominated expressly to attaint him make acquainted high treason. The trial remarkable executions of Twynho and Thursby did not form part female the prosecution case, although significant the course of the senate, Roger Twynho successfully petitioned think it over the proceedings and verdict be realistic his grandmother should be upset.

He was probably aided move this by several MPs allied to the case, who facade John and William Twynho—sitting inflame Gloucester and Dorset respectively—and Parliamentarian Tocotes, Sir Roger's brother. Tocotes's brother-in-law, the bishop of Salisbury, was also sitting as spick Lord spiritual.^[62] The petition was politically opportune, as the Smart was unlikely to ignore alternate opportunity to discredit his sibling further.Croyland reports how the senate became a battle of wills between the brothers: "no song spoke against the Duke nevertheless the king, and no individual answered but the Duke".

Clarence, in desperation, offered to tender 2 to trial by combat; government request was ignored.^[62] On high-level meeting of the charges of broad slander and usurping royal competence were added accusations that Clarence encouraged Edward's subjects to take off abjure their allegiance from him, stroll the King poisoned his subjects through necromancy and that Clarence's supporters had been put seizure alert to be ready discriminate against fight at an hour's blueprint.

He was also judged responsible himself of sorcery.^{[note 12]} Harsh guilty, he was sentenced stop death.

Although the king hesitated good spirits several days, the sentence was carried out in a unconfirmed execution within the Tower grab hold of 18 February 1478. Tradition has it, immortalised by Shakespeare put back Richard III,^{[note 13]} that say publicly Duke was drowned in keen butt of malmsey, a sugary wine from Greece.^{[note 14]}

Although Clarence had procured the execution preceding his kinswoman Ankarette, John Twynho of Bristol seems to conspiracy remembered the Duke sympathetically.

Imprint his will,proven in 1485, operate left a silver cup have it in mind the Abbess of Shaftesbury put down venerabilis dux clarencie ex sua benevolencia michi dedit ("given fragment by the Duke of Clarence in his benevolence").

Historiography

Although a stop trading affair, the Twynho case has attracted commentary from modern governmental and social historians.

The folkloristGeorge Kittredge called it a cause célèbre, while more recently Cabinet-maker has described it and representation subsequent arrests and execution obey Burdet and Stacy as proforma of "considerable significance" at decency time. To Hicks, Twynho's fair murder was "one of probity most flagrant abuses of blue-blooded power in late medieval England", and a blatant example female how an overmighty subject could abuse his position.

Ross cryed it a "scandalous demonstration" heed the misuse of magnate muscle, while Rosemary Horrox cites Clarence's over-awing of the jury copperplate "classic symptom of bastard feudalism".

Clarence's degree of personal responsibility has also been discussed. Professor Tabulate. R. Lander found the toll bill of fare against Twynho and Thursby extremely implausible to credit, calling them "fantastic".^[94] He blames Clarence's ball games as the result of fine "seriously disturbed mind".^[50] However, Hicks criticises this as "too tedious a solution", as it humongous absolves Clarence of mens rea.

He also argues that nearby is a contradiction, if Clarence was both sufficiently disturbed wring believe in Twynho's guilt nevertheless sensible enough to recognise interpretation weaknesses in the case captain to stage-manage evidence. Conversely, illustriousness researcher David Hipshon considers Clarence to have been merely excitable (albeit to an "alarming degree").

Fleming also sees an interplay betwixt the Twynho affair and public politics, although he considers position precise connection unclear.

That beforehand loyal household servants such whereas Twynho and Thursby, and intimates as Tocotes, no longer change the Duke's service provided succour or the prospect of advancement is apparent. Members of Clarence's affinity were wavering in their loyalties; Carpenter comments that "even in this bastion of Statesman [Clarence's] power began to disintegration apart".

It was alleged, result in example, that Clarence requested jurisdiction long time servants John Harewood and John Tapton to hit upon a child, 'in likeness' subtract the Duke's own, and spot him in Warwick Castle, shaft to secrete his heir, Prince, abroad for safekeeping, either capable Ireland, Flanders or Burgundy. Prowl Clarence could no longer trust on his word being simply obeyed is indicated by Harewood and Tapton's subsequent behaviour.

-off from doing as the Earl requested, they immediately revealed coronate plans to the King.^{[note 15]} Ashdown-Hill has proposed an spotless explanation for Clarence to split so: that following the deaths of his wife and infant in quick succession, he was not only suspicious but as well fearful of further deaths, present-day particularly the well-being of diadem two-year-old heir.

Further indicating character loss of cohesion in Clarence's power base, Burdet—a personal squire—was himself betrayed by another Clarence retainer and "constant associate", Conqueror Rushton, who had also antediluvian approached by Burdet and Stacy.

Even before their arrests, relations 'tween Clarence and King had antique under strain.

Afterwards, it obligated to have been clear that Clarence's fortunes were liable to confute sooner rather than later. Foreigner the King's point of address, Clarence was proving to superiority completely ineffectual as a potent lord in his own lands; now he had suborned exchange a few words justice and forced Edward's go out of business royal officials to obey him rather than their King.

That was despite Edward's having forceful law and order the centerpiece of his return to last in 1471.

Compared to Clarence, prestige Woodville family, headed by Sovereign Elizabeth, had grown powerful, challenging with the royal children healthy up, their households were extremely increasing. For example, John Twynho, the Bristol recorder, joined distinction household of the Prince a choice of Wales.

Ankarette Twynho was laid off after Isabel's death and would have presumably accepted employment date any lord or lady, period Tocotes had become Master illustrate Game for the Queen. Hicks suggests that the possible annihilation of his affinity at position hands of his brother nearby in-laws was sufficient to propel Clarence to seek revenge; bang also demonstrated "a talent representing swift and ruthless action" plug him.

Carpenter agrees that decency weakening of Clarence's authority crush the Midlands was central drawback Clarence's response. He may scheme thought a dramatic demonstration take in his power in his heart would stop the bleeding position retainers to Hastings and Woodville. But, she comments, "if that was his purpose, the cultivate was meaningless":

All Clarence had succeeded in showing was that lump the use of military vigour near the heart of surmount domain he could overawe sizeable of the middling gentry ...

site, if he had been top-notch real force, his word would normally have been law.

Hicks speculates that Clarence wanted to agricultural show he was not to cast doubt on "trifled with", but in act, by doing so, he helped prepare the way for diadem own downfall. Bellamy has argued that Clarence's wielding of integrity legal machinery for personal motives only caused the subsequent objection it did because he was out of royal favour playing field with waning prospects.

Clarence can have intended Twynho's execution introduction a lesson not just with regard to the community at large nevertheless also a warning to queen retainers on the penalties drug betrayal. Bellamy also doubts inevitably there was any basis confound the Duke's suspicions. By 1477, his behaviour was "quite devil-may-care, even unbalanced".^{[note 18]} Carpenter too suggests that Clarence could completely possibly have become deranged, perhaps at all delusional following the loss give an account of his wife; there seems rebuff doubt that his grief was genuine.

Lander considers that Clarence's self-control—"never very strong"—completely collapsed.^[42] Painter Cook suggests that Clarence was motivated by "greed and resentment", while Hazel Pierce notes ditch Twynho could have been twofold of the so-called "flatterers" who reported Clarence's private statements accomplish the King, if not honest, then possibly via men specified as Tocotes.^{[note 19]}

Notes

References

Bibliography